What is glue?
Glue is widely used to connect plastics, wood, paper, ceramics and metals.
The adhesion property of a resin depends on its adhesion forces. Some baspars for having groups
They have good adhesion with more van der Waals attractions. Pastes that do not have good adhesion
By adding an organic acid or substances that have groups with van der Waals attraction, it becomes connectable.
For each material, according to the material, structure and type of use, a suitable adhesive should be selected.
Adhesion forces
Two forces are involved in the bonding mechanism of adhesives, which are van der Waals forces and chemical bonds.
Van der Waals forces are the basis of most adhesion processes. These attractive forces act between the adhesive and the desired object.
Chemical bonds create the strongest type of adhesion. This type of binding occurs when an object that
The glue used on it has chemical groups that react with the glue.
Some chemical groups are very effective in creating van der Waals forces and if present in the adhesive
or the object in question cause a good connection. Nitrile, hydroxyl, carboxyl and amide groups can be mentioned among these groups.
Surface tension
In order to create adhesion between the adhesive and the object, it is necessary that the materials come into contact with each other. In this case, tension
Controls the contact surface of the adhesive with the solid object. All materials have surface forces that in liquids
Surface tension is known as surface energy in solids. Surface tension is what causes drops in a liquid.
If the surface energy in the solid is greater than the surface tension of the liquid, the glue drop will spread and spread on the surface of the solid object
and makes it wet and improves adhesion; Therefore, by increasing the surface energy of the solid or by decreasing it
The surface tension of the liquid can improve the wetting of the solid surface.
Critical surface tension Critical surface tension is the surface tension required to wet a solid surface.
The critical surface tension of clean metals and metal oxides is higher than the surface tension of organic substances and water
Solid organic resins have a lower critical surface tension than water. Bonding with polyethylene, CFCs and silicones
The reason why their critical surface tension is lower than the critical surface tension of most adhesives is difficult to do.
Surface preparation for adhesion
To increase the strength of a joint, it is necessary to create a clean surface. Because the cleanliness of the surface increases the elasticity
The criticality of the surface and the spreading of the glue becomes more and as a result increases the adhesion. To prepare the surface of metals
The surface of the body must be free of grease and oil. Oxides on the surface of the body by preferably chemical methods
It can be cleaned by using chromic acid solution.
Also, due to the combination of chromates with the surface of the object, the material is protected against oxidation and moisture cannot
penetrate inside and destroy the contact surface of metal and glue (to remove oxides from the metal surface, you can use the method
mechanical wear also used). Air pollution and humidity can reduce connectivity as well
Reducing the strength of the connections between the adhesive and the desired surface.
The method of preparing the submission levels
To stick polyethylene, polypropylene, teflon and acetyls with normal adhesives, the desired surface needs special preparation.
Accurate and proper cleaning of these surfaces is essential. There are several ways to prepare these objects for connection.
Teflon can bond after washing with sodium. This caused the transfer of fluorine from the surface of the object and the brown layer
It leaves a carbon color. The general view of making and using glue has been common since the past. In the old days, from materials such as bitumen and gum
Trees were used as glue. In all past centuries, as well as in the 19th century, adhesives of animal or plant origin
Have had. Animal glues were mainly based on mammalian collagen, which is the main protein of skin, bone
And it is vein and pi, and vegetable adhesives were prepared from starch and dextrin of wheat, potato and rice seeds.
Various uses of glue since the 19th century, gradually with the emergence of synthetic glues made in the polymer industry, glues
Traditional, plant and animal has left the stage. The adhesive industry is growing widely and the number
There are very few modern man-made tools that do not use glue. In the fittings most devices from a box
Very simple, from cereal to the advanced Boeing 747 airplane, glue has been used.
Human facilities can be modified by adhesives.
This article includes the use of cement hardened by UV
It is used in dentistry and acrylic graft cements in bone surgery. A recent development in adhesive application
The result was the connection of steel rails and the new tram of the city of Manchester. Adhesives are not only for materials that stand
to be glued and interconnected, but also in creating adhesion for materials such as writing ink, paints and other coating surfaces,
Fillers and spacers are essential in composite materials such as steel or woven fabric, in rubber tires, and glass or fibers in plastics.
Components of adhesives Polymeric materials of adhesives all contain polymer or polymers during hardening of adhesives
They are obtained by the chemical reaction of addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polymers to strength adhesives
They give adhesion. They can be made into strings of chemical units such as by covalent bonding
considered to be connected.
Polymers melt at high temperatures and dissolve in suitable solvents. Their fluidity in adhesives
Thermal and their solubility in solvent-based adhesives is a fundamental issue. Network polymers
They do not flow when heated, they may swell in solvents, but they do not dissolve. All adhesives
Structurally, they are lattice because this eliminates creep (deformation under constant load).
Other additives, many adhesives, in addition to polymer materials, have additives such as:
- Stabilizers against degradation by oxygen and UV.
- Plasticizers that increase ductility and lower the glass transition temperature (Tg).
- Mineral fillers that reduce shrinkage during hardening and improve fluidization properties before
- Hardening changes and improves the final mechanical properties.
- Thickeners.
- Silane coupling reagents.
Theories of adhesion
There are six theories about adhesion, which are:
Physical absorption theory
Physical attraction includes van der Waals forces between the surfaces, which include the attractors
It is between permanent bipolarity and induced bipolarity and Landen forces.
Chemical adsorption theory
The chemical bond theory of adhesion, based on the formation of covalent bonds,
It is ionic and hydrogen between the surface. Evidence that covalent bonds with silane coupling agents
is formed, there are and adhesives may contain hydroxy or amine groups that are bonded to
Active hydrogen, such as hydroxyl groups, will form hydrogen bonds if wood or paper are used.
Influence theory
Permeation theory suggests that polymers may penetrate each other when in contact; So the inner border
Finally, it is removed and penetration of polymers occurs if the chains are mobile and compatible.
In other words, the temperature should rise above the glass transition temperature.
Electrostatic theory
The theory of electrostatics originated from the idea that when two metals are in contact with each other, electrons from one
transferred to another and thus an electric double layer is formed, which shows the force of attraction.
Because polymers are non-conductive, it seems difficult to apply this theory to adhesives.
Theory of internal mechanical linkage
If the surface we want to stick something on has an irregular surface then the glue may
In surface irregularities, penetrate before hardening. This idea led to the emergence of the theory that adhesive joints
Expanded with porous materials such as wood and textiles. An example of this is the use of an iron in the adhesive layer
It is in clothes. The adhesive layer contains hot melt adhesives that penetrate the fabric after melting.
Weak boundary layer theory
The weak boundary layer theory suggests that clean surfaces create stronger bonds with the adhesive. But some pollution
Such as rust and oil or greases, they create a layer that has poor adhesion. All pollution, weak boundary layer formation
They do not, because in some cases, they will be solved by the glue. In this range, acrylic construction adhesives,
They are superior to epoxides and this is due to their ability to dissolve oils and greases.
Surface preparation for adhesion
Improper or incorrect surface preparation is probably the main cause of adhesive joint breakage. Surface preparation
An object is made in the following ways: Abrasion methods, use of solvents, flame discharge and corona, Teflon etching,
Etching metals, anodizing metals, using multiple structures.
Types of adhesives
Adhesives that harden by chemical reaction
Epoxy adhesives
Epoxies are the best known construction adhesives and are the most widely used. Epoxy resin that often
Commonly used, it is usually called diglyceryl etherase bisphenol DGEBA (A) and by the reaction
The sodium salt is made from bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin. Aromatic and aliphatic amines as hardening agents
used. These adhesives stick well to wood, metals, glass, concrete, ceramics and hard plastics.
They are resistant to oils, water, dilute acids, bases and most solvents; So more use in gluing
Vinyl floors are used in services and wet places and have metal surfaces.
Phenolic adhesives for metals
When phenol reacts with an excess amount of formaldehyde under alkaline conditions in aqueous solution, the product known as resol
Known and oligomeric containing phenols bridged by heterogromethylene on benzene rings, it is obtained.
To prevent the formation of vapor-filled voids, phenolic adhesive joints under pressure, usually between wide steel plates
They are heated and hardened by a hydraulic press. Due to the brittleness of phenolics, polymers such as polyvinyl formal,
Polyvinyl butyral, epoxides and nitrile rubber are added to make them harder.
Formaldehyde compression adhesives for wood
Some of the adhesives used for wood are the result of condensation of formaldehyde with phenol and resocinol (1.3 dihydroxybenzene).
The rest are condensed with urea or melamine.
Acrylic adhesives
Structural adhesives containing acrylic monomers harden by free radical addition at ambient temperature. parent monomer,
methyl methacrylate (MMA), but others such as methacrylate acid to improve adhesion to metals by forming
Carboxylate salts to improve heat resistance and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate for crosslinking may also be used.
Polyethylene chlorosulfonate is a rubber hardening agent and cumene hydroperoxide and N,N dimethyl aniline.
Components of a redox initiator
are. Bonding agents used for strong artificial attachments to human bones and porcelain veneers for teeth
are also based on MMA and generally for bonding metals, ceramics, most plastics and rubbers
are used and create powerful connections.
Anaerobic adhesives
Anaerobic adhesives harden in the absence of oxygen, which is a polymerization inhibitor. These adhesives are often based on
They are dimethacrylates of polyethylene glycol. The use of these adhesives, often at the joint of the gears,
Reinforcement of cylindrical connections and for theft.
Polysulfide adhesives
Polysulfides were initially used as anti-theft and an important application is the anti-theft of the edges of double mirrors.
Both to hold the units together and create a barrier against moisture penetration. They are by base (2-chloromethyl formula)
They are prepared with sodium polysulfide and mineral fillers are used to reduce the price. As an emollient,
Phthalates and silane coupling reagents are used, and their hardening agents include manganese dioxide and chromate.
Rubber hardening of building adhesives
Many construction adhesives have rubber polymers dissolved in them. When the adhesives harden,
Rubber is deposited in the form of droplets with a diameter of about 1 µm. The rubbers used in this method include polyvinyl formal (pvf).
and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), both of which are made by reacting the appropriate aldehyde with polyvinyl alcohol.
Silicones
One-component silicone adhesives are often referred to as room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) adhesives and include PolyD.
Methylsiloxane (PDMS) with molecular masses in the range of 300–1600 with acetate, ketoxime or ether end groups.
These groups are hydrolyzed by atmospheric moisture, forming hydroxyl groups, which are later condensed by removing water.
Silicone adhesives are soft and desirable and have good environmental and chemical resistance. These adhesives as
They are known as the best cover for use in the bathroom.
Adhesives that harden without chemical reaction
These adhesives include the following three types
Adhesives that harden due to solvent removal
◦Contact adhesives: Contact adhesives are probably the most popular solvent-based adhesives. These are solutions
They are made of polymer in organic solvent, which are used on two surfaces to connect. The main material of these adhesives is polychloroprene rubber
(Polycroprene, polychlorobutadiene) and for gluing decorative covers and other strong plastics such as ABS, DVC
(Polycroprene, polychlorobutadiene) and for gluing decorative covers and other strong plastics such as ABS, DVC
Ointment adhesives: Popular solvent-based adhesives sold to the public in ointment-like containers, often solutions
They are from nitrile rubber (hemipolymer or butadiene and acrylonitrile) in organic solvents.
Adhesives that harden by losing water
◦Aqueous solutions and pastes: Starch, corn and grains are the main sources for adhesive use. Major uses for
Gluing paper, cardboard and textiles. Its applications include corrugated plates, paper envelopes, tube sealing,
Pasting wallpaper and adhesives can be re-wetted with water. Water-wettable adhesives containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (DVOH)
which are used in postage stamps and are made of latex, natural gums (such as gum and dextrin) and polyvinyl acetate (DVN)
They are produced along with a large amount of stabilizer DVOH. DVOH is the only known polymer that is not made from its own monomer.
Aqueous emulsions: The combined components for emulsion polymerization are: Water, monomers, stabilizers and initiators. Polymerization product
Emulsion is a slurry of polymer particles with absorbed stabilizers. The most famous example is DIY wood glue, whose juice
Contains Polyvinyl Acetate (DVA) polymer and is widely used in workshop work and in gluing arch and tongue joints for doors.
Windows and furniture are used in factories and another example is DVA-based emulsion paints.
which is used to cover the surface or as an adhesive.
Adhesives that harden by cooling
Hot melt adhesives: The raw material of hot melt adhesives that come out of the molding tool is usually ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
The application of these adhesives includes the use in cardboard boxes, book pages, thermal connections and chipboard. from the other
Hot melt adhesives include polyamide, polyurethane, aliphatic esters, and polyester.
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Pressure sensitive adhesives remain permanently tacky and due to use
They are famous in adhesive tapes and stickers. These adhesives are mainly based on natural rubber, batch and random hemipolymer.
Styrene – butadiene and acrylic. Softened PVC and polyethylene are common tape materials. One side of the tape with a lining
or the underlying layer is covered. For this reason, the glue remains permanently sticky and the other side has a release coating
When the tape is opened, it is separated with glue. The most commonly used release agent is a hemipolymer of
Vinyl alcohol and vinyl octadecyl carbamate are made by reacting DVOH with octadecyl isocyanate.
Advantages and disadvantages of adhesives
۱. Generally, adhesives are loosened by water or steam.
۲. Their freedom range is less than metal fasteners (nuts, screws and iron fasteners, etc.).
۳. Adhesives are limited by their glass transition temperature (Tg) and chemical degradation. Advantages 1. Bonding of dissimilar materials and thin layers of materials
۲. Spread the load over a wide area
۳. Their beauty and aerodynamic shape on the outer surfaces of the joint
۴. Their application is using a robot machine.
Tile, ceramic and porcelain adhesives of Vastashimi Spadana company
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Powder tile adhesive (two components) CV100 (white and gray)
- This product is produced in white and gray colors based on chemical and mineral materials
- To use it, it should be mixed with BV 800 concrete glue as the second component or supplement according to the table below.
- This product is used for gluing tiles, ceramics, stone and porcelain on all floor and facade surfaces
- It is used in indoor and outdoor environments. (It is recommended not to use it on plaster surfaces.)
- Its consumption depends on the surface under work and is about 3 to 5 kg per square meter.
instructions:
- Before starting the work, dust particles that prevent the adhesion of the mortar from the work surface
- And wipe the back of the tile or ceramic. (The dust particles behind the tile must be cleaned and removed.
- To start work, add 4 to 5 liters of water and 1 to 2 liters of concrete glue in a container with a capacity
- Pour 20 kg and add the contents of a bag of two-component powder glue to it slowly and by
- Mix slowly with a hand mixer until you get a uniform dough.
- Spread the resulting mixture on the surface with a grade 6 notched trowel and place the tiles in place.
- Then remove the air between the tile and the surface with uniform strokes. If installed on old tiles first
- The glaze of the lower surface should be scratched at least as much as the surface of the old tile. (This is true for all tile and ceramic adhesive products.)
The amount of mixing with concrete adhesive |
|||
| Row | consumable | Water absorption rate | Concrete glue needed for a 20 kg bag of powdered glue |
| 1 | tile | 5% to 12% | 1 liter |
| 2 | ceramic | 2 to 5 | 1 to 2 liters |
| 3 | porcelain | 0.1% to 0.5% | 3 to 4 liters |
| 4 | ordinary stone | 1% to 3% | 2 to 3 liters |
| 5 | Granite | 0.1% to 1% | 3 to 4 liters |
Technical specifications of powder tile adhesive (two components) CV100 |
|
| Product color | white or gray |
| Special Weight | 1.4 gr/cm3 |
| Mixing ratio with water | 3 to 5 liters of water for each 20 kg bag |
| Mixing ratio with concrete adhesive (supplement) | 1 to 3 liters of supplement for each 20 kg bag |
| Suitable installation temperature | 10 to 40 degrees Celsius |
| The useful life of the mortar after spreading on the surface | 20 minutes |
| Complete drying time | 48 hours after installation |
| time of tying | 48 hours after installation |
| Mortar thickness for installation | 3 to 6 mm |
| Maintenance | away from direct sunlight and moisture |
| Duration of storage in the right space | Maximum one year after production |
| Tensile strength | At least 0.5 N/mm2 |
| Maximum displacement of tiles after 20 minutes | 0.5 mm |
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Powder tile adhesive (single component) CV200 (white and gray)
این محصول در دو رنگ سفید و طوسی تولید شده و مخلوطی از چسباننده های هیدرولیکی، سنگ دانه های معدنی
و مواد افزودنی آلی می باشد. این چسب جهت چسباندن کاشی، سرامیک، پرسلان، سنگ های طبیعی و مصنوعی
بر روی کلیه سطوح کف و دیوار در محیط های داخلی و خارجی ساختمان مورد استفاده قرار
می گیرد. It is recommended not to use this product on plaster surfaces.
instructions:
First, clean the target area from any dust particles, grease, etc. Then add 4 to 5 liters of water in a container
Pour it with a capacity of 20 kg and slowly add the contents of a bag of single-component powder adhesive to it.
After that, mix it slowly with a hand mixer until you get a homogeneous dough. The resulting mixture
Rest for about 10 to 15 minutes until it becomes thick and then stir again. Then you can use
Apply trowel number 6 on the surface and install the tile. If installed on old tiles first
The glaze of the lower surface should be scratched at least as much as the surface of the old tile.
Technical specifications of powder tile adhesive (single component) CV200 |
|
| Product color | white or gray |
| Special Weight | 1.4 gr/cm3 |
| Mixing ratio with water | 4 to 5 liters of water for each 20 kg bag |
| Suitable installation temperature | 10 to 40 degrees Celsius |
| The useful life of the mortar after spreading on the surface | 20 minutes |
| Complete drying time | 48 hours after installation |
| time of tying | 48 hours after installation |
| Mortar thickness for installation | 3 to 6 mm |
| Maintenance | away from direct sunlight and moisture |
| Duration of storage in the right space | Maximum one year after production |
| Tensile strength | At least 0.5 N/mm2 |
| Maximum displacement of tiles after 20 minutes | 0.5 mm |
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CV300 standard powder tile adhesive (white and gray)
This glue is used for gluing tiles, ceramics, porcelain, natural and artificial stones on all cement surfaces.
stone, brick, ceramic, plaster, etc. used on the floor and wall in indoor and outdoor environments (building facade)
Placed. In addition, you can use this product on surfaces with a heating system, balcony, patio, swimming pool,
Use gypsum surfaces, plasters, gypsum blocks, light concrete and old masonry.
The consumption of this glue is about 3 to 5 kg per square meter according to the work area.
instructions:
First, clean the target area from any dust particles, grease, etc. Then add 4 to 5 liters of water
Pour it into a container with a capacity of 20 kg and slowly add the contents of a bag of single component powder adhesive to it.
After that, mix it slowly with a hand mixer until you get a homogeneous dough. the resulting mixture
Rest for about 10 to 15 minutes until it thickens and then stir again. Then you can use
Apply trowel number 6 on the surface and install the tile.
In case of installation on old tiles, the glaze of the lower surface must be scratched at least to the extent of the old tile surface.
Technical specifications of CB300 standard powder tile adhesive |
|
| Product color | white or gray |
| Special Weight | 1.4 gr/cm3 |
| Mixing ratio with water | 4 to 5 liters of water for each 20 kg bag |
| Suitable installation temperature | 10 to 40 degrees Celsius |
| Operational time | one hour |
| The useful life of the mortar after spreading on the surface | 20 minutes |
| Complete drying time | 48 hours after installation |
| time of tying | 48 hours after installation |
| Mortar thickness for installation | 3 to 6 mm |
| Maintenance | away from direct sunlight and moisture |
| Duration of storage in the right space | Maximum two years after production |
| Tensile strength | At least 0.5 N/mm2 |
| Maximum displacement of tiles after 20 minutes | 0.5 mm |
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Pool tile adhesive (CV300 + High flex 220)
This product is two-component and is the result of mixing CV300 standard powder glue with complementary liquid
High flex is BV220. This glue is waterproof and by creating a layer on the installation surface and behind the tile,
Creates an extremely strong adhesive surface.
Keep in mind that before installation, the work surface must be free of all dust particles, grease and dirt
Clean the tile. And also, if it is installed on old tiles, it must stand
The glaze of the old tile should be scratched at least.
The presence of powdered polymers as well as complementary liquid improves sealing, flexibility, and increases adhesive strength
Humid environments help to reduce cracking and shrinkage.
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Armament standard glue CV310 (white and gray)
This product has all the conditions and features of the standard tile adhesive that was explained earlier and with fibers
Cellulose is reinforced and by adding water to it, a glue with high adhesive strength and pressure resistance
It is obtained mechanically. The method of using this product is the same as standard tile adhesive.
Among the merits of this adhesive is high mechanical resistance, reduced permeability, high chemical resistance against agents
It is destructive and resistant to severe mechanical shocks.
By adding the aforementioned fibers, reducing fragility and increasing fire resistance have been added to its properties, and as a result,
It shows higher resistance during fire.
Since these fibers have high tensile strength, their use in glue increases tensile strength
The tile adhesive becomes and if the tile adhesive is subjected to tensile stress, the fibers spread this stress
they do. Also, the fibers prevent the growth of cracks and prevent them from spreading like a bridge.
It should be noted that due to the decrease in the amount of water leaving the glue containing fibers, more time will be required for final drying.
Technical specifications of CV310 standard powder tile adhesive |
|
| Product color | white or gray |
| Special Weight | |
| Suitable installation temperature | 10 to 40 degrees Celsius |
| Uptime | one hour |
| open time | 20 minutes |
| drying time | 48 hours after installation |
| time of tying | 48 hours after installation |
| Mortar thickness for installation | 3 to 6 mm |
| Maintenance | away from direct sunlight and moisture |
| Storage period | In a suitable environment, maximum 2 years after production |
Introducing our products
As you know, to buy supplies such as: tile adhesive, ceramic adhesive and porcelain adhesive;
You should use your utmost care to choose the best quality. Because the poor quality of each of these products
It may cause irreparable damage. Vesta Chemical factory has years of experience as the basis of its products.
To be able to offer the best to you dear ones. Other products that Vestashimi offers you with the best quality include: Sealing glue، Light block glue، anti-acid، Waterproofing، Nano look coating، Epoxy resin product، Roof insulation، concrete glue، Epoxy resin، strapping powder، thatch، Primer، Groot، Rebar planting paste، Epoxy glue is. Get in touch with Vestashimi for more services.
